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What is haemophilia C?
Haemophilia C is a rare bleeding disorder characterised by a deficiency of factor XI, a protein involved in the blood clotting process.
Unlike haemophilia A and haemophilia B, which are linked to an abnormality of the X chromosome, haemophilia C is usually inherited in an autosomal manner, meaning it can affect both men and women.
This form of haemophilia is much rarer and is often less severe than other types. In many cases, people affected experience few symptoms and the condition may remain undiagnosed for a long time.
Haemophilia C is sometimes referred to as factor XI deficiency.
What are the symptoms of haemophilia C?
The symptoms of haemophilia C are often more variable and generally less severe than those seen in haemophilia A or B.
Bleeding after surgery or injury
The most common symptom is prolonged bleeding after surgery, dental procedures or injuries.
In everyday life, spontaneous bleeding is much less common than in other forms of haemophilia.
Bleeding following certain medical procedures
In some individuals, the condition is discovered during a medical or surgical procedure when bleeding is more significant than expected.
These situations may reveal a previously undiagnosed clotting disorder.
Variability of symptoms
The severity of symptoms can vary from one person to another and does not always correspond to the level of factor XI measured in the blood. Some people with a significant deficiency may experience few symptoms, while others may have more noticeable bleeding episodes.
How is haemophilia C diagnosed?
The diagnosis of haemophilia C is based on blood tests that analyse the functioning of the clotting system.
Clotting tests
When doctors suspect a bleeding disorder, blood tests are carried out to assess the different stages of the clotting process.
These tests may reveal an abnormality suggesting a deficiency of factor XI.
Measurement of factor XI
The diagnosis is confirmed by measuring the level of factor XI in the blood. A reduced level allows haemophilia C to be identified.
As with other clotting disorders, the level of the factor helps determine the severity of the deficiency.
Family diagnosis
Because the condition is genetic, diagnosis may sometimes lead to the testing of other family members who could also carry the deficiency.
What are the treatments for haemophilia C?
The management of haemophilia C generally depends on the severity of symptoms and the situations that may increase the risk of bleeding.
Treatment before medical procedures
In many cases, treatment is only required before surgery or medical procedures that may cause bleeding.
Doctors may use different treatments to reduce the risk of haemorrhage.
Treatments used
Depending on the situation, treatment may include the administration of fresh frozen plasma, medications that promote blood clotting, or other appropriate therapies.
The choice of treatment depends on the level of deficiency and the type of procedure being performed.
Medical follow-up
Regular medical follow-up helps identify situations that may carry a higher risk of bleeding and allows preventive measures to be planned in advance.
Management is often coordinated with haematology specialists to adapt treatment to each individual situation.
Living with haemophilia C
In most cases, people with haemophilia C can lead normal lives.
However, it is important to inform healthcare professionals about the presence of the bleeding disorder, particularly before any medical or surgical procedure.
Appropriate follow-up and good patient awareness help prevent complications and manage situations that may involve a risk of bleeding.
Last updated: 10/03/2026
