What are the potential dangers of Tramadol?

What is tramadol? 

Tramadol is a controlled class C painkiller, intended to treat moderate to severe pain. It is the most widely prescribed painkiller in the UK.

Its classification means that tramadol is only available on prescription. It can be administered to adults and children aged 12 and older. There exist immediate and extended-release forms of the drug.

Medications containing Tramadol 

• Tramadol only: Brimisol®, Tilodol®, Maxitram®, Tradorec®, Tramadol®, Zydol®, Tramuliefc®, Zamadol® and Zeridame®. 
• Combined with paracetamol: Tramacet®, Tramadol hydrochloride/Paracetamol and Tramadol/Paracetomol. 
• Combined with dexketoprofen: Skudexa®. 

Tramadol belongs to the opiate family, and is used to relieve pain after accidents or surgery, as well as chronic pain.

However, tramadol has been under close surveillance since 2014, when it was reclassified under the Misuse of Drugs Act of 1971, as some of its side effects are considered to be dangerous.

What are the side effects of tramadol? 

Digestive side effects

Some common side effects of tramadol include flatulence, nausea, vomiting, and constipation.

If these side effects are too severe, it is advisable to stop the treatment immediately and contact your doctor.

If they are mild, reducing the current dose may be sufficient. To treat constipation, dietary measures can sometimes be helpful. Your doctor may also suggest an osmotic laxative such as Macrogol®.

Cognitive side effects - drowsiness, dizziness, confusion

In some patients, neuropsychological side effects have been observed, such as: dizziness, lightheadedness, confusion, hot flashes, excessive sweating, headaches, drowsiness, fatigue, nervousness or tremors. 

Tramadol can also cause mild respiratory depression (hypoventilation) in rare cases.

In addition, certain links between tramadol and epilepsy have been found. For patients with epilepsy who are not being treated or who are already taking anticonvulsants, it is imperative to discuss the possible use of tramadol with their doctor.

In case of mild side effects, it is advisable to reduce the dose of tramadol. However, if the side effects are severe, it is recommended that you stop treatment immediately and contact your doctor.

Side effects related to tramadol dependence

Tramadol is a morphine derivative. Cases of dependence and difficulty in stopping the treatment are regularly reported. Indeed, the patient's body gets used to the medication and becomes less sensitive to its effects. This tolerance can lead to misuse or addiction.

Three factors can increase the risk of dependence on tramadol: the dose taken, the duration of treatment, and some individual characteristics of the patient (some people are more at risk than others).

Loss of treatment efficacy at the end of the dose is a sign of dependence. In the case, the medication will wear off earlier, causing pain to recur, and withdrawal symptoms will occur (sweating, anxiety, tremors, pain, palpitations, feeling cold, etc.).

In order to end this dependency, the patient's daily dose must be reduced very gradually and over a long period of time, before completely discontinuing treatment. Some patients may be offered psychological support during withdrawal period.

Which medications should be avoided when taking tramadol?

Tramadol should not be taken at the same time as certain medicines, such as:

• Tranquilisers, sleeping pills, and analgesics such as morphine or codeine: There may be increased risk of drowsiness, fainting, breathing difficulties, sedation and/or coma.
  
• Certain anticoagulant (blood-thinning) drugs: The effects of coumarin-derivatives, which thin the blood, may be aggravated, possibly also increasing the risk of bleeding.
  
• Serotonergic drugs such as SSRI antidepressants (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as Prozac®) or MAO inhibitors taken for depression.
  
• Other opioid drugs (painkillers, cough suppressants).

What should be done in case of Tramadol overdose? 

Since 2014, in addition to being classed a Class C drug, tramadol has been listed as Schedule 3, meaning that it can only be accessed with a prescription from a doctor. Here are some tips for using tramadol safely:

• Respect the dosage indicated on your prescription and do not exceed the duration of the treatment.
  
• If your pain is not relieved by the drug, it is important to talk to your doctor, you must not increase the prescribed dosage without a doctor's authorisation.
  
• Combine tramadol with non-medicinal treatments. For example, you can apply a cold compress to your face in case of headaches, a hot water bottle if you suffer from back pain or menstrual cramps. These measures will reinforce the action of the treatment, which will allow to reduce the prescribed doses and limit the risks of side effects.
  
• If you suffer from chronic pain, it is recommended to reduce the number of tablets as soon as the pain becomes less severe. However, you should not stop taking tramadol abruptly. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist in order to gradually reduce the doses before stopping completely. 
  

Nevertheless, in the event of tramadol overdose (more than 400 mg per day), drowsiness, fainting, nausea or even vomiting may occur. In the most severe cases, the patient may experience low blood pressure, fainting, seizures, or respiratory depression which may lead to respiratory arrest.

These symptoms require urgent medical attention.

In case of accidental overdose, gastrointestinal elimination using activated charcoal or gastric lavage is recommended, but only within 2 hours after taking tramadol. After this period, gastrointestinal decontamination may be useful in cases of overdose with exceptionally large amounts of tramadol or with its sustained-release forms.

For people with underlying medical conditions (such as chronic respiratory failure), the consequences of tramadol overdose may be more severe, causing a significant decrease in breathing rate.

Contact your doctor as soon as possible if you have any doubts.

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